Investigating of the effects of economic policies on INCOME distribution is very important in different countries from the viewpoint of social justice. The effects of macroeconomic factors on INCOME distribution are of major concern to economists and have critical policy implications. One of the most important goals of the Sixth Development Plan is achieving to Gini coefficient of 0.34. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of macroeconomic variables including inflation rate, government expenditures, oil and tax revenues and also TARGETED subsidies dummy variable on INCOME distribution during 1986 to 2015 via a logarithmic model, using Eviews software and OLS method. The findings show that all independent and dummy variables in this study have statistically significant impact on Gini coefficient. The variables of inflation rate and government expenditures have significant and positive impact while the oil and tax revenues and TARGETED subsidies variables show a significant and negative impact on Gini coefficient.

In 2010, an extensive program of cutting subsidies was implemented in Iran; and at the same time, a cash subsidy was redistributed to vast majority of country population. One announced goal of this plan was to improve INCOME distribution. In this study, we evaluate the effects of TARGETED subsidy program on INCOME distribution. This is important because the program is to be continuing and studies such as this one may be useful for identifying possible issues to avoid future drawbacks. To achieve this, using the data of "Household INCOME and Expenditure Survey" by Statistical Center of Iran, we run an Oxaca-Blinder micro-simulation model during the years before and after the implementation of the first phase of this policy. In this model, mitigations are provided for sampling error, differences in regional price index and the coexistence of sanctions. Based on our results, while distribution of expenditures is sharply more equal after 2010, the simulated purchasing powers are not so; moreover, more equitable distribution of expenditures is mostly because of losing opportunities.

If the municipality as an enterprise in which we operate in production, consumption and investment is directly or indirectly, positively or negatively affected by price increases and energy inputs are the municipal average, about 30 percent of their expenditure budget is allocated to urban transportation and construction. In contrast, more than 50 percent of total budgetary resources of the municipality's INCOME side of the building are supplied. Vision of municipal managers and senior professionals with regard to non-random sample is measured on the effects of subsidies goal. Managers and experts on the impact of TARGETED subsidies in line with the results of the effect are real. In this paper, the policy guidelines for municipalities in the metropolitan cities subsidies and their effects are presented.

This study investigates the dynamics of a pseudo-panel data approach in the years before and after the implementation of TARGETED cash subsidies in Iran. For this purpose, a combination of cross-sectional data for the years 1363 to 1392 for a period of 30 years followed and with household budget by born pseudo-panel data in 1305 to 1359. The results show that during the years 1363-1389 (before the implementation of TARGETED cash subsidies), absolute and conditional mobility in low and unequal opportunity is decreasing over time, but the rate of decline is lower inequality. So it is possible that some differences between rich and poor is reduced over time, but it will be too weak convergence. In fact, the situation is somewhat better for the poor than in the past, but the disparity between them is still somewhat high. After enforcement TARGETED cash law subsidies as absolute and conditional mobility is low, and the disparity between rich and poor people is so high.

Background: Governmental subsidy is one of the important tools to support of households that will increase their INCOME.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in essential goods consumption after TARGETED subsidies reform in Minoodar district of Qazvin, 2011.Methods: This analytical study was conducted on 100 households of Minoodar District of Qazvin during 2011 that were selected by cluster random sampling method. The measurement tool was a self-administered questionnaire and data were collected via interview. Data were analyzed using paired T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.Finding: The average household size was 4 people per household, the average household INCOME was 9735500 Rials and the average household expenditure was 5529500 Rials. There was significant positive correlation between INCOME and consumption of dairy products, fruits -vegetables and meat. The association of education level of household head and household size with consumption of essential goods was not statistically significant. After TARGETED subsidies reform, the maximum change in consumption was related to energy and the minimum change was related to detergents and disinfectants.Conclusion: TARGETED subsidies reform has led to changes in essential goods consumption. With regards to the association of INCOME and consumption, low-INCOME households should be more considered.

In this paper, to evaluate INCOME and distributional effects of Personal INCOME Tax, a hypothetical society is simulated.12 INCOME sources are defined that each member of society can earn INCOME from one INCOME source or more. Then, using FORTRAN programming, the government's tax INCOME, INCOME distribution and average tax rate are calculated, assuming five alternative Scenarios: 0. Base scenario: taxing personal INCOME at source according to "Direct INCOME Taxes Act"; 1. taxing the sum of INCOMEs each individual person earns from different businesses he or she owns and exempt his / her business INCOME once; 2. taxing the sum of INCOMEs each person earns from non-exempt sources and exempt his / her business INCOME once; 3. taxing the sum of INCOMEs each person earns from exempt and non-exempt sources and exempt his / her business INCOME once; 4. qualifying third scenario by accepting a 1 billion Rials as exemption. Results of simulation indicate that the government's INCOME and INCOME equality is maximized in 3rd scenario.

Introduction: The incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) varies markedly according to the age, race and sex of the population as well as the geographical characteristics of the place where they live. Low socio-economic status is associated withthe occurrence of several different chronic diseases, but evidenceregarding renal disease is scant. This study was performed to determine the relationship between the level of patient’s family education and INCOME with the etiology of ESRD.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 62 patients (30 Boys and 32 Girls) with chronic renal failure who were under dialysis treatment. A control group consisting of 400 students was also enrolled in the study. Socioeconomic data were obtained from both groups by using a questionnaire. Meanwhile, the cause of renal failure and the kind of dialysis were also determined for the patients. Socioeconomic features were compared in both the patients and the control group by using student T-Test, Chi-square, Fisher Exact Test and logistic regression analysis.Results: In the dialysis group, there were remarkably more children from families with either one parent or without any supervisor, as compared with the control group) P<0.001).The level of family education in the dialysis group and control group was 10.6 and 13.3 years of schooling, respectively (P<0.001). Dialysis patients were either tenants or were living in houses smaller than the control group’s (P<0.001). In addition, the household’s monthly INCOME for the case group was lower than that of the control group and only 3% of the patients were living in the socioeconomic areas of high classes (P<0.001).Conclusion: The dialysis patients’ families had lower socioeconomic level in comparison with the healthy population. The high prevalence of ESRD in these families may be related to the lack of access to hygienic facilities, the parents’ lack of sufficient knowledge and inattentiveness which may lead to delayed diagnosis of the disease, and incomplete treatment of the primary disease which may, in turn, develop ESRD.

Although thrombolytic agents have been used for several decades in the treatment of thromboembolic conditions, there is an unmet need for the development of safer thrombolytic agents. The development of new molecules themselves may not be sufficient. This has sparked a growing interest in the design of novel nanoscale drug carrier systems for the delivery of thrombolytic enzymes in an effort to address its fatal side effects. There are numerous proofof-concept reports on such nanoscale systems that seek to capitalize on the pathophysiologic signatures of thrombosis as well as external biochemical/physical triggers. Although there may be a long road ahead before we have such new nanoscale therapeutics on the bedside, hopes remain high.